You may recall that back in February I
took on Daily Maverick columnist and climate denialist
Ivo Vegter. Following on from my then just-published piece on
deference, I argued Vegter was incredibly arrogant to take a stance contrary to the
scientific consensus on climate change when he's a journalist - not a climatologist or even a meteorologist. Vegter entertainingly
replied. While I replied in turn in the comments of his blog (I liked
this one) and occasionally engaged in Vegter-baiting on Twitter, I always meant to reply properly via my blog. But then I got married, ran a bunch of psychology experiments, moved cities, etc. and I never got round to it. Anyway, a recent exchange gave me some impetus. I
asked Vegter, putting aside causes, whether he accepts the
simple fact that the average global temperature has been increasing. Since it would be enormously idiotic to deny it has - you'd have to believe in a nearly-impossible
grand conspiracy - Vegter
replied: "I'm on record agreeing to warming until 1940, cooling '40-'70, warming '70-2000." But... believing warming has occurred but then denying it's
anthropogenic, I submit, requires you to believe the darnedest things.
First of all, let's review what the instrumental temperature record looks like:
The black line is the annual air temperature mean, the red line is a five-year running average and the green bars are confidence intervals. It's clear from the graph that Vegter is more-or-less correct about the temperature record: we observe warming until about 1940, cooling or
more likely a plateau from 1940 to around 1975, and warming since. (Vegter is
dead wrong to think warming stopped in 2000: 2009 is the second warmest year on record - after 2005. The 2000s is the warmest decade on record. June 2009 to May 2010 is the warmest 12-month period
on record. And 2010 is
shaping up to be the warmest year on record).
How does the mainstream scientific community explain this pattern? Why was warming interrupted from 1940-1975? Here is a very simplified
explanation: the early (~1915-1940) warming trend has a different explanation to the ~1975-2010 warming trend, and the cooling in between has yet a third explanation. The earlier warming was due to "a combination of factors, including a lull in volcanic activity (therefore the absence of its cooling influence), a slight increase in solar output, and yes, an increase in greenhouse gases too (although not nearly so much as during more recent times)". The second warming period was caused largely by our industrial emissions: mostly CO
2, but other greenhouse gases played a role. The lull in warming from 1940-1975, in turn, was due to anthropogenic cooling due to
global dimming. The
quick version is that
aerosols such as sulfates
increased very rapidly from about 1940 to about 1975 (spot the relationship?) and then
declined again rapidly. In other words, the warming forcing of the greenhouse gases was masked by the cooling forcing of various aerosols, and the rapid decline of the latter after 1975 meant net
radiative forcing suddenly turned positive - resulting in warming. While this is undoubtedly complicated (though, what would you
expect?) and may even seem contrived, it is important to note that this version of events is
consistent with the available data and
no other scenario is consistent with the available data.
But how does someone who agrees that global warming has occurred but denies anthropogenic forcing is responsible, explain the observed temperature record? (And, importantly, the
pattern of warming). To think
both the above propositions true, you have to believe the darnedest things: (1) that some mechanism
entirely unknown to science inhibits or obviates the warming effects of our greenhouse gas emissions and (2) that some
other mechanism entirely unknown to science caused the warming that has been observed. We know beyond all reasonable doubt that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas - it's a basic finding of physics, established under the most rigorous laboratory conditions. We also know, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has increased dramatically because of our industrial
emissions since the Industrial Revolution. To think these two facts don't combine to produce warming is to think that there is
something (no one knows
what) that somehow (no one knows
how) inhibits the warming that would normally occur. But worse, there is
yet something else (no one knows
what) that
actually caused to warming we see. (Something must cause it! And it's
not the sun, in case you were wondering).
To be a climate denialist, then, you need to believe at least one of the following: that there is a grand conspiracy among scientists to withhold the truth about the climate record or that, extraordinarily improbably, (1) and (2) are true. On the first, note that there is no precedent in all of history for the existence of a conspiracy on the scale climate scientists have been accused of. ("
Climategate" was a
non-event. No fewer than
three independent inquiries concluded there was no serious misconduct). On the second,
extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and, as far as I know at least, no one has yet provided convincing, let alone extraordinary, evidence for either (1) or (2).
My Zimbabwean two cents worth: Vegter is no idiot (I actually quite
like him) and, unlike
several other climate denialists, I think it highly unlikely he's in the pocket of Big Pollution. My view is that he suffers from immense confirmation bias given that, as a libertarian, he doesn't
want global warming to be true. One thing
is clear, though, and this should give Vegter some comfort: the truth of climate change is logically independent of what our political response to it should be. It is possible to think - as Bjorn Lomborg's
new book demonstrates - that climate change is real and a serious problem,
without thinking policies libertarians despise are the remedy. A final note: as George Monboit
nicely illustrated recently, there is honor is saying "
I was wrong". Ivo, it's time to change your mind.
